Wednesday, February 16, 2022

Direct Object and Conjugation

[#DuolingoForumGems originally posted on 2020-02-29 on the Duolingo Hungarian for English speakers forum by peter.kristof.hu ] 

Direct Object and Conjugation

One of the specificities of the Hungarian language is that verbs require agreement not only with the subject (in person and number) but also with the direct object. The direct object is a verb's argument of a sentence. It is a noun phrase and usually a noun with a suffix -t, optionally with a connecting vowel (asztalt) which indicates the accusative case, but it can be a pronoun (ezt, engem(et)) or an infinitive (olvasni, e.g. tudok olvasni).

Some verbs are only intransitive without definite conjugation (van, jön, megy). They cannot have a direct object argument. There are two kinds of direct objects: the definite and the indefinite.

                             Verb
                       /                \
          Intransitive Verb     Transitive Verb
(cannot have a dir. obj.)     (can have a dir. obj.)
               |                                    /               \
               |                                /                      \         
Indef. Conjug.             Indef. Conjug.           Def. Conjug.
                                The verb has no dir. obj.   The verb has a definite dir. obj.
                                The verb has an indef. dir. obj.

(Source: http://www.nyariegyetem.hu/uploads/Ig%C3%A9k.pdf)

Theoretically, the definite direct object is already a known thing in the discourse.

The definite direct object can be:
- Noun phrase with the definite article: a könyvet, ezt a könyvet, azt a két könyvet
- Possessive form: Péter(nek a) könyvét, Péter(nek egy) könyvét
- Proper name: Pétert
- Demonstrative pronoun: ezt, azt
- Personal, reflexive and reciprocal pronoun: engem(et), magam(at), egymást
- Noun phrase with certain pronouns: bármelyik/valamelyik/mindegyik/összes könyvet (the question word for pronouns: which=melyik)

Otherwise, it is an indefinite direct object.

I don't think a foreign language can be acquired by learning vocabulary and grammatical rules. I believe in intuitive learning methods, however, sometimes the grammatical rules need to be revised.

Definite Direct Object + Definite Conjugation
A könyvet olvasom.
Péter könyvét olvasom.
Péternek a könyvét olvasom.
Péternek egy könyvét olvasom.
Ismerem Jánost.
Ezt a könyvet olvasom.
Ismerem őt.
Ismerem őket.
Az összes könyvet elolvasom.
Bármelyik könyvet elolvasom.
Valamelyik könyvet elolvasom.
Mindegyik könyvet elolvasom.

Indefinite Direct Object + Indefinite Conjugation
The indefinite conjugation is used when the direct object is indefinite or missing.
Olvasok.
Könyvet olvasok.
Egy könyvet olvasok.
Néhány könyvet elolvasok.
Minden könyvet elolvasok.
Kit ismersz?
A fiú, akit ismerek.
Mindenkit/valakit/bármit/valamit ismerek.

Exeptions:
- Látom. - Definite Conjugation. The definite object is thinkable by the context.
- Péter ismer engem(et)/téged(et)/minket/titeket. - Exceptionally in the first and second person of personal pronouns, indefinite conjugation is used.

Source: Új magyar nyelvtan

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