Duolingo courses, number of units

 This post is based on my old post on the Duome Forum:  
https://forum.duome.eu/viewtopic.php?p=132653-number-of-skills-versus-the-number-of-units

In the Tree layout, every course had some skills, and now on the Path (Snake) there are units.
But there is a connection, since in the background, they still have the tree structure, it is just displayed differently.

For the current number of units, I checked https://duolingodata.com/

Sometimes there are multiple versions of the same course, where I knew, I marked them "old" and "new" .

Here, "old" means that it is old enough to show up in https://liuch.github.io/duolingo_courses_overview/ (FieryCat stopped updating that list in 2021)
"New" means it is the newest version that is available to some users.

Currently, for several courses, the number of units equals the number of skills, so that makes the calculation easy. This is true for the "smaller" languages.
See the priority or "bigger" languages later:  they have more units than skills. 

The list of "smaller" courses, from English, not CEFR alligned:

LANGUAGE	FROM	SKILLS=UNITS	LESSONS	Words
Arabic (AR)	English	46	210	1481
Czech old	English	84	422	2362
Czech new	English	88	422	2626
Danish old	English	70	340	2341
Danish new	English	62	?	?
Dutch (DN)	English	123	502	2933
Esperanto (EO)	English	69	364	2389
Finnish (FI)	English	35	144	1007
Greek old	English	74	278	2010
Greek new	English	95	432	3196
Greek another	English	102	452	3218
Haitian Creole old	English	36	125	728
Haitian Creole new	English	68	?	?
Hawaiian old	English	38	143	799
Hawaiian another	English	51	?	?
Hawaiian new	English	52	?	?
Hebrew (HE)	English	84	446	2833
High Valyrian old	English	38	135	825
High Valyrian new	English	43	157	982
Hindi (HI)	English	32	133	656
Hungarian old	English	78	319	2367
Hungarian new	English	110	489	3176
Indonesian (ID)	English	69	310	1882
Irish old	English	64	292	1711
Irish new	English	66
Klingon old	English	62	238	1481
Klingon new	English	65	248	1533
Latin (LA)	English	22	81	538
Navajo (NV)	English	11	28	143
Norwegian old	English	172	590	3600
Norwegian new	English	246	1008	5784
Polish (PL)	English	67	298	1938
Romanian (RO)	English	62	286	2405
Russian old	English	79	350	2279
Russian new	English	95	405	2601
Scottish Gaelic old	English	107	483	3525
Scottish Gaelic new	English	120	?	?
Swahili old	English	65	195	1257
Swahili new	English	73	243	1535
Swedish old	English	66	325	2361
Swedish new	English	85	376	2549
Turkish (TR)	English	67	200	1466
Ukranian (UK)	English	51	209	1108
Vietnamese old	English	84	320	1661
Vietnamese new	English	75	336	1775
Welsh old	English	118	416	2366
Welsh middle	English	107	390	2365
Welsh new	English	112
Yiddish (YI)	English	94	382	2297
Zulu old	English	20	91	628
Zulu new	English	35

We can even categorize the courses like this: 

Category 1:
Courses (from English) that got one or several updates since 2021, CEFR aligned  (these are the same as what I called "bigger" languages)  
Spanish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Portuguese

Category 2: Courses that got one update since 2021, not CEFR aligned:
Czech, Danish, Greek, Hawaiian, High Valyrian, Hungarian, Klingon, Norwegian, Scottish Gaelic, Swahili, Swedish, Russian, Vietnamese, Welsh, Irish

Category 3: Courses (trees) that are unchanged since 2021, not CEFR aligned:
Arabic, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Latin, Navajo, Romanian, Turkish, Ukrainian

Category 4: courses that were released in 2021-2022, so they are not on the old list:
Yiddish, Zulu, Haitian Creole (Zulu and Haitian Creole rolled out a new version since their releases)

the CEFR-aligned courses:  in some courses, starting from Section 5 the units were cut into 5 smaller units. It increases the number of units by a lot, so it is also interesting to see how many skills would it be originally. Also, many flagship courses got updated to have 8 sections and B2 level.

LANGUAGE	FROM	Units with 5x	Units without 5x	LESSONS	Words
Chinese old	English		88	284	1932
Chinese A1	English		67
Chinese new B2	English	1030	310
French B2	English		272
French new B2	English	994	302
German B1	English		156
German new B2	English	1030	310
Italian old	English		66	405	2784
Italian middle	English		98	565	3753
Italian middle	English		123
Italian new B2	English	1030	310
Japanese B1	English		221
Japanese new B2	English	1030	310
Korean old	English		65	258	1793
Korean middle	English		94	351	2230
Korean A1	English		112	431	2684
Korean new B2	English	1030	310
Portuguese old	English		91	463	2919
Portuguese A2	English		131
Portuguese new B2	English	1031	311
Spanish B2	English		286
Spanish new B2	English	991	303

When to omit van/vannak

 This post is a rewritten version of this old post here:   https://magyarbagoly.blogspot.com/2022/01/when-to-use-vanvannak.html

The verb van ‘to be’

You will notice that Hungarian sometimes lacks a verb where English has is. For example, while in English you would say What is this?, Hungarian does not have a verb here: Mi ez?

For "The apple is red", the Hungarian version is "Az alma piros"  (word-by-word: the apple red)

Conjugating van

The third person form of the English verb to be in Hungarian is van. Or is it?

Here are all the present-tense forms, Version 1

	SG	PL
1	(én) vagyok ‘I am’	(mi) vagyunk ‘we are’
2 inf 2 fr	(te) vagy ‘you (sg. inf.) are’ (ön/maga) van  ‘you (sg. formal) are’	(ti) vagytok ‘you (pl. inf.) are’ (önök/maguk) vannak   ‘you (pl. formal) are’
3	(ő) van ‘s/he is’	(ők) vannak ‘they are’

Here are all the present-tense forms, Version 2

	SG	PL
1	(én) vagyok ‘I am’	(mi) vagyunk ‘we are’
2 inf 2 fr	(te) vagy ‘you (sg. inf.) are’ (ön/maga) — ‘you (sg. formal) are’	(ti) vagytok ‘you (pl. inf.) are’ (önök/maguk) —   ‘you (pl. formal) are’
3	(ő) — ‘s/he is’	(ők) — ‘they are’

What happened? In the first version, I included the van/vannak conjugations in the table, in the second version, I dropped them.

When to use van and vannak

You will see that the words van and vannak are often omitted. This only happens in the third person conjugation, the first and second person vagyok, vagy, vagyunk, vagytok are never omitted.   

[And now we have to mention that the formal version of "you" in Hungarian, is conjugated as if it were third person. 

In the singular case, the informal you is "te" while the formal you is "ön" or "maga"

If you learned other languages, think of it like the difference between "du bist" and "Sie sind" or between "tu es" versus "vous êtes".]

But enough of the formality explanation, let's return to what is happening to van/vannak.

DON'T use van/vannak if you are describing what someone/something is using a noun or an adjective.

"Ő egy tanár" - "He is a teacher"

"Péter egy tanár" - "Péter is a teacher"

"Az alma piros" - "The apple is red"

"Mi az?" - "What's that?"

But DO use van/vannak in the following cases (basically, describing when, how, where something/someone is.)

Time - Expressing when something is.
 "Mikor van a buli?"  - "When is the party?"
 "A buli 7-kor van." - "The party is at 7."

State - Expressing how something/someone is.
 "Apád ma hogy van?" - "How is your dad today?"
 "Ma jobban van, mint tegnap, köszönöm."  - "He is better today than he was yesterday, thank you."

Location - Expressing where something is.
 "Hol van a mozi?" - "Where is the cinema?"
 "Ott van jobbra." - "It's there on the right."

Adverbial Participle - Expressing a verbal state of a noun
"Ki van nyitva az ablak?" - "Is the window open?"
 "Nem, be van zárva." - "No, it's shut."

All the above become "Vannak" when the subject in question is plural:

"Itt vannak a poharak." - "Here are the glasses."

"A szobák fűtve vannak." - "The rooms are heated."

---------

So you have:

(Én) tanár vagyok. I am a teacher.

(Te) tanár vagy. You are a teacher.

Ő tanár. (verb drops here) He/She is a teacher.

Ön tanár. / Maga tanár. You are a teacher (formal you, singular)

(Mi) tanárok vagyunk. We are teachers.

(Ti) tanárok vagytok. You are teachers.

Ők tanárok. They are teachers.

Önök tanárok.  / Maguk tanárok.  You are teachers. (formal you, plural)

 for adjectives:

• Én okos vagyok. = I am clever.

• Te okos vagy. = You(sg.) are clever.

• Ő okos. = He/She is clever.  (Don't use 'van' here.)

• Ön okos. / Maga okos. = You(sg. formal) are clever. (Don't use 'van' here either.)

• Mi okosak vagyunk. = We are clever.

• Ti okosak vagytok. = You(pl.) are clever.

• Ők okosak. = They are clever (Don't use 'vannak' here.)

• Önök okosak. / Maguk okosak. = You(pl. formal) are clever. (Don't use 'vannak' here either.)

As a comparison, let's look at the conjugation in a case where we use van/vannak, a good example is something with an adverb:  "Kati jól van."  "Kati is well/feeling fine."

for adverbs:

• Én jól vagyok. = I am fine. / I am well. / I am feeling fine. / I am feeling well.

• Te jól vagy. = You (sg. informal) are fine.

• Ön/Maga jól van. = You (sg. formal) are fine. 

• Ő jól van. = He/She is fine.

• Mi jól vagyunk. = We are fine.

• Ti jól vagytok. = You(pl. informal) are fine.

• Ők jól vannak. = They are fine. 

• Önök/Maguk jól vannak. = You(pl. formal) are fine. 

If we talk about WHERE someone is, you need to use the suitable form of 'van'.

• Én a lámpák alatt vagyok.    (I am under the lamps)

• Te a lámpák alatt vagy.      (You are under the lamps)

• Ő a lámpák alatt van.

• Ön /Maga a lámpák alatt van.

• Mi a lámpák alatt vagyunk.

• Ti a lámpák alatt vagytok.

• Ők a lámpák alatt vannak.

• Önök /Maguk a lámpák alatt vannak. 

Word list, Duolingo Hungarian course (110 skills)

 Hi, this is a word list for the Hungarian course. 

As it was stored in the incubator, so a little warning: there could be a whole conjugation of a given word in the course, which was stored under "forms of lexeme <megy>" and then in this list it shows up as just one word. 

1 Name things and people
① az, a, egy, alma, fiú, lány, és
② férfi, autó, nő, lámpa, kicsi
③ bor, nagy, víz, pohár, sör

2 Talk about nationalities and languages
① vagyok, angol, vagy, amerikai, igen, magyar
② magyarul, angolul, beszélek, beszélsz, Péter
③ te, én, hölgyem, beszél, uram, értem

3 Describe people and things
① asztal, ez, szék, piros, busz, ablak
② ő, ház, fiatal, tanár, diák, toll, az
③ Zsuzsa, nem, alacsony, magas, szép, ön

4 Greet people
① jó, reggelt, estét, kívánok, éjszakát
② viszlát, nagyon, szívesen, szépen, köszönöm
③ viszontlátásra, elnézést, napot, szia, hogy hívnak? bocsánat, hogy hívják?

5 Say where people and things are
① van, kint, ott, bent, itt, otthon
② hol, János, bolt, szálloda, park, Kati
③ szállodában, házban, boltban, parkban, kert, étterem

Grammar Notes

For the Duolingo Hungarian course:  

The Tips and Notes that used to be available in the website version are not visible anymore since the Path redesign, but I copied them to a separate Google doc, you can find them here:
Hungarian Tips and Notes
I even added the "skill descriptors" so it will be easier to find the lesson you are looking for.

Maybe you are already familiar with https://duome.eu/tips/en/hu
The grammar notes on Duome.eu contain Tips from the old version and the new version of the Hungarian course mixed together, and there are some duplicates.

Missing the Stories? You can find some unofficial stories here: https://duostories.org/hu-en

Duolingo: Alignment Tree and Path for the Hungarian course (71 units)

In the old layout, the Tree, each skill had a skill name.
Now in the Path, every bubble has a "skill descriptor" instead.

sometimes I included more name variants, because we had a "short name" but also a "grammary name" for the same skill

1 Basics = Name things and people (unit 1 )
2 Intros = talk about nationalities and languages (unit 1 )
3 Qualities = Describe people and things (unit 2 )
4 Phrases = greet people (unit 2 )
5 Where? (-ban -ben ending appears) = Say where people and things are (unit 3 )
6 School = communicate at school (unit 3 )
7 Verbs 1 = Use verbs in present tense (unit 4 )
8 Café = Accusative 1 = Talk about food and drink (unit 4 )
9 Feelings = Express feelings (unit 5 )
10 Jobs = identify professions (unit 5 )
11 Food = Talk about cooking and eating (unit 6 )
12 More = Plurals = form the plural of nouns (unit 7 )
13 Numbers 1 = Express quantities (unit 7 )
14 Verbs 2 = say what we and they do (unit 8 )
15 Places 1 = Locate places in a city (unit 8 )
16 Come & Go = Irregular verbs = use the verbs come and go (unit 9 )
17 Time = Tell time (unit 9 )
18 This That = Use different forms of this and that (unit 10 )
19 Days = Talk about schedules (unit 10 )
20 Shopping = shop for clothes (unit 11 )
21 Hobbies = Infinitive verbs = Talk about hobbies and habits (unit 11 )
22 On Top = superessive case (-on -en -ön -n) = indicate the location (unit 12 )
23 Describing = Adjectives 1 = Describe things and people (unit 12 )
24 There Is = use van and nincs (unit 13 )
25 Weather = Talk about the weather (unit 13 )
26 My Cat (possessive) = form the possessive (unit 14 )
27 Nations = Name nationalities (unit 14 )
28 What? = Accusative 2 = form direct objects (unit 15 )
29 Body Parts = Describe health issues (unit 15 )
30 Numbers 2 = express quantity (unit 16 )
31 I See It = definite- indefinite = Use definite verb forms (unit 16 )
32 Family = talk about your family (unit 17 )
33 I Do It = Definite conjugation 1 = Discuss everyday activities (unit 17 )
34 Me & You = Accusative pronouns = refer to you and me (unit 18 )
35 Verbs 3 = Say what people are doing (unit 18 )
36 Love ( -lak-lek ending) = express emotions (unit 19 )
37 Languages = Say what languages you speak (unit 19 )
38 Stuff = plural accusative 1 = use direct objects in plural form (unit 20 )
39 You Do It = Definite conjugation 2 = Talk about activities (unit 20 )
40 Travel = ask about directions (unit 21 )
41 Cafeteria (-os-es-ös-s ending) = Order food (unit 21 )
42 To have 1 = talk about what you have (unit 22 )
43 Stuff 2 = plural accusative 2 = Express actions (unit 22 )
44 Giving = Dative (-nak -nek) = talk about giving someone something (unit 23 )
45 New Things = plural adjectives = Describe things and people (unit 23 )
46 Arts = Talk about art activities (unit 24 )
47 Sports = Comment on sports (unit 24 )
48 Inside = inessive case (-ban-ben) = Talk about being inside (unit 25 )
49 Beside = adessive case (-nál-nél) = Say what and who is beside something else (unit 25 )
50 Clothing = describe outfits (unit 26 )
51 Household = Talk about your home (unit 26 )
52 Ownership (possessive) = discuss possession (unit 27 )
53 Better = Comparative adjectives = Compare things and people (unit 27 )
54 Year = express dates and times (unit 28 )
55 Digital = Talk about technology (unit 28 )
56 This That 2 = use different forms of this and that (unit 29 )
57 Party = Talk about celebrations (unit 29 )
58 Memories = Past tense = describe past events (unit 30 )
59 Animals = Talk about animals (unit 30 )
60 With (-val -vel) = say who you do things with (unit 31 )
61 Colors = Talk about colors (unit 31 )
62 First! = ordinal numbers = use ordinal numbers (unit 32 )
63 No! = negation = Make negative statements (unit 33 )
64 To Have 2 = say what others have (unit 33 )
65 Now & Then = Past & Present = Distinguish past and present (unit 34 )
66 Into (-ba -be) = describe movement into (unit 34 )
67 Onto (-ra -re) = Discuss direction (unit 35 )
68 Toward (-hoz -hez -höz) = describe movement toward (unit 35 )
69 Moving 1 = Preverbs 1 = Clarify directions (unit 36 )
70 Moving 2 = Preverbs 2 = use verbal prefixes in negative sentences (unit 36 )
71 Into 2 = Indicate movement into places (unit 37 )
72 Onto 2 = describe direction (unit 37 )
73 Toward 2 = Describe movement toward a place (unit 38 )
74 Geography = state geography facts (unit 38 )
75 Memories 2 = Make statements about the past (unit 39 )
76 Linking = form complex sentences (unit 39 )
77 ThisThat 3 = Discuss choices (unit 40 )
78 Story 1 = talk about experiences and changes (unit 40 )
79 Describe 2 = Adjectives 2 = Describe things and people (unit 41 )
80 Moving 3 = Preverbs 3 = use verbal prefixes (unit 41 )
81 Travel 2 = Talk about travel (unit 42 )
82 Story 2 = say what happened (unit 42 )
83 Out of = elative case (ból-ből) = Discuss origins (unit 43 )
84 Down from = delative case (ról-ről) = indicate the starting point (unit 43 )
85 Away from = ablative case (tól-től) = Describe distances (unit 44 )
86 ThisThat 4 = combine postpositions with this and that (unit 44 )
87 Future = Discuss future plans (unit 45 )
88 Names and Family = talk about neighbors and friends (unit 45 )
89 To & From = Clarify locations (unit 46 )
90 Cooking = talk about cooking and eating (unit 46 )
91 Places 2 = Discover a city (unit 47 )
92 Directions = ask about directions (unit 47 )
93 Now&Then 2 = Past & Present 2 = Talk about the past (unit 48 )
94 Which? = use relative pronouns (unit 48 )
95 My Horse (possessive) = Talk about belongings (unit 49 )
96 Math = make calculations (unit 49 )
97 Someone = Use everybody and somebody (unit 50 )
98 Somewhere = use everywhere and somewhere (unit 50 )
99 To have 3 = Describe what people have (unit 51 )
100 This That 5 = use different forms of this and that (unit 51 )
101 Rain On Me = Adverbial possessives = Combine suffixes (unit 52 )
102 Origin = Ablative Postpositional Pronouns = indicate the starting point (unit 52 )
103 Position = Adessive Postpositional Pronouns = Talk about position (unit 53 )
104 Goal = Allative Postpositional Pronouns = use postpositions (unit 53 )
105 My Cats = plural possessive = Form plural possessives (unit 54 )
106 Do It! = imperative = tell others what to do (unit 54 )
107 Numbers 3 = Talk about how many (unit 55 )
108 Practice = use verb conjugations (unit 55 )
109 Quoting = Express opinions (unit 56 )
110 All Mine = possessive object = combine suffixes (unit 56 )

Units 57 -71 are personalized practice. 

Hungarian for English speakers, Tree 2, 110 skills, which got transformed into 71 units

-----------

A few more details about the first 7 skills:

Basics: very basic, like “the car and the apple”. Usually not complete sentences.

Intros: Beszélek magyarul. Beszélsz magyarul? Magyar vagyok. Angol vagy? (danger: both magyarul and magyar included.)
The formal “you” (ön) also appears here, along with uram, hölgyem.  

Qualities: sentences where “van” is omitted.

Phrases: similar to the old Phrases (but “paprikást kérek” and “Menj!” was removed)

Where?: sentences where “van” is used.

School: 3 verbs appear: áll, ír, tanul. (állok, írok, tanulok, állsz, írsz, tanulsz) Plus school-related words (szünet, füzet, könyv, tanterem, könyvtár, iskola)

Verbs 1: regular verbs, only singular, present tense, indefinite

Duolingo: Number of skills versus the number of units

 

In the old Duolingo Tree layout, every course had some skills, and now on the new Path (Snake) there are units.
But there is a connection, since in the background, they still have the tree structure, it is just displayed differently.

My guess (based on a few courses I checked) is that there are two new skills appearing in each unit (sometimes only one skill), and there are roughly 10 practice units at the end, so the number of units is close to (skills/2 +10). But not exactly. Sometimes there are more (or fewer) personalized practice units at the end.

The following table was based on https://magyarbagoly.blogspot.com/2022/ ... ourse.html, which in turn was based on http://ardslot.com/duolingocrowns.html

I checked the number of Units on the Duome Forum, based on MatOzone's posts. See also duolingodata.com

Sometimes there are multiple versions of the same course, where I knew, I marked them "old" and "new" .

Here, "old" means that it is old enough to show up in https://liuch.github.io/duolingo_courses_overview/ (FieryCat stopped updating that list in 2021)
"New" means it is the newest version that is available to some users.

I intentionally left out the some numbers for Spanish/French/German/Japanese courses: too many competing versions to keep track.
But I added the number of units for these courses too, and I picked the longest version.

Side note: for Italian, there is a version with 76 skills, which is not included in my beautiful table, but it is newer than the 66 skill version and older than the 98 skill version.

see also:   https://forum.duome.eu/viewtopic.php?t=15140-number-of-skills-versus-the-number-of-units

LANGUAGE	FROM	SKILLS	LESSONS	Words	Units before	Units now
Arabic (AR)	English	46	210	1481	30	30
Chinese (ZS)	English	88	284	1932	57	57
Czech old	English	84	422	2362	54	55
Czech new	English	88	422	2626	57	?
Danish old	English	70	340	2341	45	x
Danish new	English	62	?	?	40	41
Dutch (DN)	English	123	502	2933	79	80
Esperanto (EO)	English	69	364	2389	45	45
Finnish (FI)	English	35	144	1007	23	23
French (FR)	English	a lot	a lot	a lot	[219]	[194]
German (DE)	English	a lot	a lot	a lot	[131]	[102]
Greek old	English	74	278	2010	x
Greek new	English	95	432	3196	61	62
Greek another	English	102	452	3218	?
Haitian Creole (HT)	English	36	125	728	23	23
Hawaiian old	English	38	143	799	24	25
Hawaiian another	English	51	?	?	33	x
Hebrew (HE)	English	84	446	2833	54	56
High Valyrian old	English	38	135	825	?	x
High Valyrian new	English	43	157	982	28	28
Hindi (HI)	English	32	133	656	21	20
Hungarian old	English	78	319	2367	51	x
Hungarian new	English	110	489	3176	71	71
Indonesian (ID)	English	69	310	1882	44	45
Irish (GA)	English	64	292	1711	42	43
Italian old	English	66	405	2784	51	x
Italian new	English	98	565	3753	72	?
Italian newer	English	123	?	?	?	79
Klingon old	English	62	238	1481	x	x
Klingon new	English	65	248	1533	42	43
Korean old	English	65	258	1793	x	x
Korean newer	English	94	351	2230	61	x
Korean newest	English	112	431	2684	72	73
Latin (LA)	English	22	81	538	14	14
Navajo (NV)	English	11	28	143	7	7
Norwegian old	English	172	590	3600	111	x
Norwegian new	English	246	1008	5784	159	161
Polish (PL)	English	67	298	1938	43	44
Portuguese (PT)	English	91	463	2919	75	60
Romanian (RO)	English	62	286	2405	40	41
Russian old	English	79	350	2279	51	x
Russian new	English	95	405	2601	61	62
Scottish Gaelic old	English	107	483	3525	69	?
Scottish Gaelic new	English	120	?	?	?	78
Spanish (ES)	English	a lot	a lot	a lot	[230]	[205]
Swahili old	English	65	195	1257	42	x
Swahili new	English	73	243	1535	47	48
Swedish old	English	66	325	2361	43	x
Swedish new	English	85	376	2549	55	55
Turkish (TR)	English	67	200	1466	43	44
Ukranian (UK)	English	51	209	1108	33	33
Vietnamese old	English	84	320	1661	54	x
Vietnamese new	English	75	336	1775	49	48
Welsh (CY)	English	118	416	2366	69	70
Yiddish (YI)	English	94	382	2297	61	62
Zulu (ZU)	English	20	91	628	13	13
English old	Hungarian	55	285	1952	49	??
English new	Hungarian	?	?	?	?	109?
German (DE)	Hungarian	51	238	1631	44	33?