[This is taken from the Duolingo Hungarian Tips & Notes ]
The definite conjugation is a bit of Hungarian that we don't have in English.
In sentences with an "accusative " (a direct object), the conjugation depends on whether that object is "definite " or not. The forms we have learned so far are in the indefinite conjugation.
When a direct object is definite, the verb must be in the definite conjugation
(i) Lát-ok egy kutyá-t.
(ii) Lát-om a kutyá-t.
In (i), the object is indefinite, ’a dog’. In (ii), it is definite, ’THE dog’. In (ii), the verb changes to látom. The ending -om is in the definite conjugation.
(iii) Látom.
(iii) means ‘I see IT .’ The definite conjugation is only used with a definite direct object, so there is an object - even if you don't see it
Plus, vowel harmony:
Here are the definite verb forms of hallani ‘to hear’, szeretni ‘to like/love’ and keresni ‘to be looking for’.
SG | PL | |
---|---|---|
1 | hallom ‘I hear it’ | halljuk ‘we hear it’ |
2 | hallod ‘you hear it’ | halljátok ‘you (pl) hear it’ |
3 | hallja ‘s/he hears it’ | hallják ‘they hear it’ |
SG | PL | |
---|---|---|
1 | szeretem ‘I love it’ | szeretjük ‘we love it’ |
2 | szereted ‘you love it’ | szeretitek ‘you (pl) love it’ |
3 | szereti ‘s/he loves it’ | szeretik ‘they love it’ |
SG | PL | |
---|---|---|
1 | keresem ‘I am looking for it’ | keressük ‘we are looking for it’ |
2 | keresed ‘you are looking for it’ | keresitek ‘you (pl) are looking for it’ |
3 | keresi ‘s/he is looking for it’ | keresik ‘they are looking for it’ |
Important: the -j- does not always appear in the definite conjugation. And, when the j follows -s, -z, -sz, or -zs, the consonant is doubled and loses the -j- (ss, zz, ssz, zzs ) :
- keres + jük = keressük ‘we look for it’
- hoz + ja = hozza ‘s/he brings it’
- (meg)vesz + jük = (meg)vesszük ‘we buy/take it’
Singular form comparisons. In this skill, you will meet the following four verbs:
indefinite | definite | |
---|---|---|
1SG | látok ‘I see’ | látom ‘I see it’ |
2SG | látsz ‘you see’ | látod ‘you see it’ |
3SG | lát ‘s/he sees’ | látja ‘s/he sees it’ |
indefinite | definite | |
---|---|---|
1SG | várok ‘I wait’ | várom ‘I wait for it’ |
2SG | vársz ‘you wait’ | várod ‘you wait for it’ |
3SG | vár ‘s/he waits’ | várja ‘s/he waits for it’ |
if the verb ends with s/z/ sz, then the indefinite 2SG form ends with -ol - el- öl, and the 3SG definite form assimilates the -ja ending -> olvassa, hozza
indefinite | definite | |
---|---|---|
1SG | olvasok ‘I read’ | olvasom ‘I read it’ |
2SG | olvasol ‘you read’ | olvasod ‘you read it’ |
3SG | olvas ‘s/he reads’ | olvassa ‘s/he reads it’ |
indefinite | definite | |
---|---|---|
1SG | hozok ‘I bring’ | hozom ‘I bring it’ |
2SG | hozol ‘you bring’ | hozod ‘you bring it’ |
3SG | hoz ‘s/he brings’ | hozza ‘s/he brings it’ |
How to recognize the indefinite? egy ... / no article/ valamit
Vs. signs of the definite: a, az, azt a, ezt a, proper names (Katit, Zsuzsát, Pétert)
You will see what happens if the object is a personal pronoun in a later skill.
If you want to see in more detail when should we use the definite conjugation and when the indefinite one, check out this post, "Grammar details: Definite and Indefinite"
https://magyarbagoly.blogspot.com/2022/01/definite-and-indefinite-conjugation.html
What happens if the object is a personal pronoun? See https://magyarbagoly.blogspot.com/2022/02/verb-conjugations-with-accusative.html
See also https://betterhungarian.com/2020/03/02/hungarian-verbs-definite-vs-indefinite/
A short video on Facebook (Angelika Wolf) https://www.facebook.com/hls.school/videos/133278248959597/
Let's look at the plural forms too for the previously mentioned four verbs (lát, vár, olvas, hoz)
person definite indefinite
1 SG látom látok
2 SG látod látsz
3 SG látja lát
1PL látjuk látunk
2 PL látjátok láttok
3 PL látják látnak
person definite indefinite
1 SG várom várok
2 SG várod vársz
3 SG várja vár
1PL várjuk várunk
2 PL várjátok vártok
3 PL várják várnak
person definite indefinite
1 SG olvasom olvasok
2 SG olvasod olvasol
3 SG olvassa olvas
1PL olvassuk olvasunk
2 PL olvassátok olvastok
3 PL olvassák olvasnak
person definite indefinite
1 SG hozom hozok
2 SG hozod hozol
3 SG hozza hoz
1PL hozzuk hozunk
2 PL hozzátok hoztok
3 PL hozzák hoznak
these 4 were all back vowel verbs, let's add a front vowel verb too: "vezet"
person definite indefinite
1 SG vezetem vezetek
2 SG vezeted vezetsz
3 SG vezeti vezet
1PL vezetjük vezetünk
2 PL vezetitek vezettek
3 PL vezetik vezetnek
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