Wednesday, February 16, 2022

Vowel shortening in Hungarian

[#DuolingoForumGems originally posted on 2020-07-15 on the Duolingo Hungarian for English speakers forum by peter.kristof.hu ] 

Vowel shortening in Hungarian

One of the vowels of several Hungarian stems is shortened before certain suffixes in an unusual way. This phenomenon occurs primarily in final syllables, but often also it happens in internal syllables. In the case of final syllables, they are closed, so they end in one consonant, otherwise, they get a connecting consonant. Consider the following words. To get more than just a visual experience, we put the text in a TTS:

nyár nyarak
ló lovak
út utak
kő kövek
tűz tüzek
tél telek
víz vizek

  • Click on the link iSpeech to show up the TTS.
  • Set the language to Hungarian
  • Delete the original text
  • Copy and paste the text above
  • Play

At the end it reads "Powered by iSpeech" with Hungarian pronunciation :)

Vowel shortening is manifested primarily in the suffixes of nouns and adjectives and is very rare in connection with verb conjugation. The full list of such words is for information only:

híd, ín, nyíl, víz; szűz, tűz, fű, nyű,
kút, lúd, nyúl, rúd, úr, út, szú; cső, kő, tő; ló,
kéz, réz, mész, ész, szén, név, légy, ég, jég, hét, tér, dér, ér, bél, nyél, fél, szél, dél, tél, lé; nyár, sár,
egér, szekér, tenyér, kenyér, gyökér, levél, kötél, fedél, fenék,
kerék, cserép, közép, szemét, elég, veréb, nehéz, tehén, fazék, derék; madár, szamár, agár, bogár, kosár, mocsár, mozsár, pohár, sugár, sudár, kanál, fonál, darázs, parázs.

The most common endings when the shortening occurs. These are all so-called derivative suffixes. (I put a hyphen after the stems):

Plural ending (-k):
viz-ek, kö-vek, kez-ek, kanal-ak

Accusative ending (-t):
viz-et, kö-vet, kez-et, kanal-at

Possessive suffixes:
viz-em, kö-ve, kez-ünk, kanal-uk

Adjective-forming suffixes (-s):
viz-es, kö-ves, kez-es, kanal-as

Verb-forming suffixes (-z):
viz-ez, kö-vez, kez-ez, kanal-az

Diminutive suffixes (-cska/cske):
viz-ecske, kö-vecske, kez-ecske, kanal-acska

Examples of shortening for internal syllables: agónia agonizál
pasztőröz pasztörizál
prémium premizál
analízis analizál

If the word ends in a vowel, it gets a connecting consonant "v" in inflectional form:
kő kövek
ló lovak
tó tavak (o changes to á)
lő lövök

The vowel shortening is quite irregular, but knowing the rule may make it easier to use the language.

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