Wednesday, January 26, 2022

Verb conjugations (present, indefinite)

In this post, I share some future Tips and Notes about verbs and their main types.

(Written mainly by AdriennPle and AndrsBrny.)

Only present tense, and only indefinite conjugation. The definite conjugation is a whole other story :)

Regular verbs, singular forms

What is important here is a concept called, vowel harmony, needed to conjugate verbs in Hungarian .

  • The verb tanulni means ‘to learn’ or ‘to study’. In the singular, it is conjugated as follows.
tanulni ‘to learn/study’suffix (ending)
1tanul-ok ‘I learn’-ok
2tanul-sz ‘you learn’-sz
3tanul ‘(formal) you learn /she/he learns’(no ending)

Later we'll find verbs like siet ‘to hurry’. The following table shows you some forms of siet.

siet ‘to hurry’suffix (ending)
1siet-ek ‘I hurry’-ek
2siet-sz ‘you hurry’-sz
3siet ‘(formal) you hurry / she/he hurries’(no ending)

Do you notice that the first person singular suffix for siet is -ek, not -ok as in tanulni ?

This must be the famous Hungarian vowel harmony: Vowels (like e and o) in suffixes (like -ek and -ok) depend on the vowels in the word they attach to:

  • -ok occurs when the verb it attaches to contains the vowels aáoóu, or ú.

  • -ek occurs when the verb it attaches to contains iíeé.

  • -ök occurs when the verb it attaches to contains öőü, or ű, if they are in the last syllable before the suffix.

Hungarians are happy, because the vowels in the suffixes are in “harmony” with the vowels in the word they attach to.

As a reminder:

back vowelsfront vowels
aáeé,
oóií,
uúöő
üű

Words tend to have only front or back vowels, like szálloda and étterem. But "new" words (which came into Hungarian after the Middle Ages), you can have both, like in sétálni 'to walk'. What should you do then? In the vast majority , look at the last vowel, and adjust the ending to it. But, back vowels are stronger than front vowels, so they tend to rule the vowel harmony.
(First person singular: sétálok)

One more thing! There used to be two types of i in Hungarian, a front and a back i. It leads us to add back vowel endings to the verb írni e.g.:

írni ‘to write’suffix (ending)
1ír-ok ‘I write’-ok
2ír-sz ‘you write’-sz
3ír ‘(formal) you write / she/he writes’(no ending)

Eszik, Iszik

The verbs iszik and eszik

inni ‘to drink’ and enni ‘to eat’ are two -ik verbs with a slightly different conjugation:

iszikeszik
(én)iszom !eszem !
(te)iszoleszel
(ő /Ön /Maga)iszikeszik

! In some dialects, instead of iszom we say iszok and instead of eszem we say eszek.

Every verb ending in -zik-szik-sik conjugates like this :

  • To get the stem of the verb, you have to remove the ending -ik

  • 1st person of singular is the stem + -om / -em / -öm

  • 2nd person of singular is the stem + -ol / -el / -öl

  • 3rd person of singular is the stem + -ik, the form in a dictionary

If the stem ends in s, z, sz

If the root (stem) of a verb ends in s, z, sz, then the second person singular informal (te) form ends with l.
So it is the stem + -ol / -el / -öl

For example:

keres (search)olvas (read)vesz (buy)
énkeresekolvasokveszek
tekereselolvasolveszel
őkeresolvasvesz

Verbs in the plural (We do, you do, they do)

Remember the singular verb forms you learned before? Here, you'll use plural forms. Good news: they get the same endings in the plural, even if they are -ik-verbs. As before, you need to remember vowel harmony.

  • The verb csinál means ‘to make’ or ‘to do’. You can tell that it has a back vowel (á) and a front vowel (i). If you have both, the back vowel dominates, as in sétál. So its forms in the plural are:
csinál ‘to make/do’suffix (ending)
(mi)csinál-unk ‘we make’-unk
(ti)csinál-tok ‘you make’-tok
(ők / Önök / Maguk)csinál-nak ‘they make’-nak
  • Now verbs with front vowels.
pihen ‘to rest’suffix (ending)
(mi)pihen-ünk ‘we rest’-ünk
(ti)pihen-tek ‘you rest’-tek
(ők / Önök / Maguk)pihen-nek 'they rest’-nek
  • If the last syllable has ö / ő / ü / ű, the 2nd person plural (ti) ending is -tök.
ül ‘to sit’suffix (ending)
(mi)ül-ünk ‘we sit’-ünk
(ti)ül-tök ‘you sit’-tök
(ők / Önök / Maguk)ül-nek 'they sit’-nek
  • The following table summarizes the suffixes based on vowel harmony:
back suffixesfront suffixes
(én)-ok-ek-ök
(te)-sz-sz
(ő / Ön / Maga)--
(mi)-unk-ünk
(ti)-tok-tek/-tök
(ők / Önök / Maguk)-nak-nek

Verbs ending in -s / -sz /-z have a slightly different conjugation. In the second person singular instead of -sz you add -ol / -el / -öl. The plural forms are the same.

olvaskeresfőz
(én)olvasokkeresekfőzök
(te)olvasolkereselfőzöl
(ő / Ön / Maga)olvaskeresfőz
(mi)olvasunkkeresünkfőzünk
(ti)olvastokkerestekfőztök
(ők / Önök / Maguk)olvasnakkeresnekfőznek

Subjects

You don't have to say the subject in Hungarian. English: They are dancing.

Hungarian: Táncolnak.

Both mean the same, yet in the Hungarian example there is no word corresponding to the English they. Let's see the plural pronouns .

SingularPlural
1sténmi
2ndteti
3rdőők

Hungarian has more pronouns than you are used to. To address someone formally , like the French vous, the Spanish usted and German Sie. "Ön" and "Maga" are the formal forms of "te", but their verbs are in the 3rd person singular. Their plural forms work the same way.

"Önök" and "Maguk" are the formal forms of "ti", but the verbs after them are in the 3rd person plural.

These pronouns behave like a third person pronoun (like usted). When using ön, the verb looks like it has a third person singular subject:

(Önök) táncolnak.

(Ők) táncolnak.

(Ti) táncoltok.

Note that you in English can refer to either singular or plural, Hungarian makes a difference here. te refers to the second person singular, ti refers to the second person plural. When you see an English sentence like

Are you dancing?

You can translate this into Hungarian in the singular or the plural, formal or informal:

Táncolsz? (te)

Táncol? (Ön / Maga)

Táncoltok? (ti)

Táncolnak? (Önök / Maguk)

In real life this ambiguity doesn't arise because the context lets you know who you are talking about.

-IK verbs

The -ik-verbs' name comes from the third person singular form (ő / Ön / Maga), which ends in -ik .

  • dolgoz-ik ‘s/he works’, ‘s/he is working’
  • esz-ik ‘s/he eats’, ‘s/he is eating’

When you add suffixes, you have to drop the "-ik". The main other difference between these verbs and regular verbs is that the first person singular (én) can end in -m, not the normal -k:

  • dolgoz-om ‘I work‘, ‘I am working’
  • esz-em ‘I eat’, ‘I am eating’

In many grammars, you would only find these forms ending in -m, but many speakers alternate between using -m forms or the regular -k ending for first person. We teach you both, and Duo accepts both!

If the stem of a verb ends in -s / -sz / -z / -zs, for example in iszik, the second person singular form is -ol / -el / -öl, according to vowel harmony:

lakikdolgozikeszik
(én)lakok/lakomdolgozok/játszomeszek/eszem
(te)lakszdolgozoleszel
(ő / Ön / Maga)lakikdolgozikeszik
(mi)lakunkdolgozunkeszünk
(ti)laktokdolgoztokesztek
(ők / Önök / Maguk)laknakdolgoznakesznek

Note: -IK verbs verbs really often have a stem ending in -s / -sz / -z , it is harder to find examples where it does not. (lakik, fürdik are examples here)

jön és megy

Let's see two REALLY irregular verbs:

  • megy — ‘to go’

  • jön — ‘to come’

The endings are the same but the stems change!

megyjön
(én)megyekjövök
(te)mészjössz
(ő / Ön / Maga)megyjön
(mi)megyünkjövünk
(ti)mentekjöttök
(ők / Önök / Maguk)mennekjönnek

Getting an extra vowel

Some verbs receive an extra vowel in the middle, in the te, ti and ők forms.
This happens if the stem ends with -ít (example: tanít),
or the stem ends with two consonants (example: tüsszent),
and some verbs ending in -ll also behave like this. (example: hall)

fest (paint)tanít (teach)készít (make)tüsszent   (sneeze)hall (hear)
(én)    festektanítokkészítektüsszentekhallok
(te)festesztanítaszkészítesztüsszenteszhallasz
(ő/Ön/Maga)festtanítkészíttüsszenthall
(mi)festünktanítunkkészítünktüsszentünkhallunk
(ti)festetektanítotokkészítetektüsszentetekhallotok
(ők / Önök / Maguk) festenektanítanakkészítenektüsszentenekhallanak

Infinitive

The infinitive form of a verb always ends with -ni. For regular verbs, just take the singular third person form and attach a -ni.

EnglishHungarian
S/3he/she learnstanul
infinitiveto learntanulni
S/3he/she runsfut
infinitiveto runfutni
S/3he/she dancestáncol
infinitiveto dancetáncolni

Note: in a dictionary, you will not see the infinitive but the 3rd person singular form.

Combining with other verbs

The infinitive form is usually used when there is another verb in the sentence:

Szeretek táncolni. - I like to dance. /I like dancing.

Utálok táncolni. - I hate dancing.

Tudok táncolni. - I can dance.

Szeretnék táncolni. - I would like to dance.

Szoktam táncolni. - I usually dance. / I dance.

Szoktam expresses a habit... It is like "I used to dance", but in the present tense.

Irregular infinitive

There are some verbs where the infinitive form is a bit irregular.

EnglishHungarian
S/3he/she eatseszik
infinitiveto eatenni
S/3he/she drinksiszik
infinitiveto drinkinni
S/3he/she goesmegy
infinitiveto gomenni
S/3he/she buysvesz
infinitiveto buyvenni
Note:
There are some verbs where multiple versions can be used.

fürdik

én: fürdöm/fürdök
te: fürdesz/fürödsz
ő/Ön/Maga: fürdik
mi: fürdünk
ti: fürödtök/fürdötök
ők/Önök/Maguk: fürdenek/fürödnek
infinitive: fürödni/ fürdeni

alszik

én: alszom/ alszok
te: alszol (aludsz)
ő/Ön/Maga: alszik
mi: alszunk
ti: alszotok / aludtok/ alusztok
ők/Önök/Maguk: alszanak / aludnak/ alusznak
infinitive: aludni

fekszik

én: fekszem /fekszek
te: fekszel /feküdsz
ő/Ön/Maga: fekszik
mi: fekszünk
ti: fekszetek /feküdtök/ feküsztök
ők/Önök/Maguk: fekszenek / feküdnek /feküsznek
infinitive: feküdni

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