In this post, I share some future Tips and Notes about verbs and their main types.
(Written mainly by AdriennPle and AndrsBrny.)
Only present tense, and only indefinite conjugation. The definite conjugation is a whole other story :)
Regular verbs, singular forms
What is important here is a concept called, vowel harmony, needed to conjugate verbs in Hungarian .
- The verb tanulni means ‘to learn’ or ‘to study’. In the singular, it is conjugated as follows.
tanulni ‘to learn/study’ | suffix (ending) | |
---|---|---|
1 | tanul-ok ‘I learn’ | -ok |
2 | tanul-sz ‘you learn’ | -sz |
3 | tanul ‘(formal) you learn /she/he learns’ | (no ending) |
Later we'll find verbs like siet ‘to hurry’. The following table shows you some forms of siet.
siet ‘to hurry’ | suffix (ending) | |
---|---|---|
1 | siet-ek ‘I hurry’ | -ek |
2 | siet-sz ‘you hurry’ | -sz |
3 | siet ‘(formal) you hurry / she/he hurries’ | (no ending) |
Do you notice that the first person singular suffix for siet is -ek, not -ok as in tanulni ?
This must be the famous Hungarian vowel harmony: Vowels (like e and o) in suffixes (like -ek and -ok) depend on the vowels in the word they attach to:
-ok occurs when the verb it attaches to contains the vowels a, á, o, ó, u, or ú.
-ek occurs when the verb it attaches to contains i, í, e, é.
-ök occurs when the verb it attaches to contains ö, ő, ü, or ű, if they are in the last syllable before the suffix.
Hungarians are happy, because the vowels in the suffixes are in “harmony” with the vowels in the word they attach to.
As a reminder:
back vowels | front vowels |
---|---|
a, á | e, é, |
o, ó | i, í, |
u, ú | ö, ő |
ü, ű |
Words tend to have only front or back vowels, like szálloda and étterem. But "new" words (which came into Hungarian after the Middle Ages), you can have both, like in sétálni 'to walk'. What should you do then? In the vast majority , look at the last vowel, and adjust the ending to it. But, back vowels are stronger than front vowels, so they tend to rule the vowel harmony.
(First person singular: sétálok)
One more thing! There used to be two types of i in Hungarian, a front and a back i. It leads us to add back vowel endings to the verb írni e.g.:
írni ‘to write’ | suffix (ending) | |
---|---|---|
1 | ír-ok ‘I write’ | -ok |
2 | ír-sz ‘you write’ | -sz |
3 | ír ‘(formal) you write / she/he writes’ | (no ending) |
Eszik, Iszik
The verbs iszik and eszik
inni ‘to drink’ and enni ‘to eat’ are two -ik verbs with a slightly different conjugation:
iszik | eszik | |
---|---|---|
(én) | iszom ! | eszem ! |
(te) | iszol | eszel |
(ő /Ön /Maga) | iszik | eszik |
! In some dialects, instead of iszom we say iszok and instead of eszem we say eszek.
Every verb ending in -zik, -szik, -sik conjugates like this :
To get the stem of the verb, you have to remove the ending -ik
1st person of singular is the stem + -om / -em / -öm
2nd person of singular is the stem + -ol / -el / -öl
3rd person of singular is the stem + -ik, the form in a dictionary
If the stem ends in s, z, sz
If the root (stem) of a verb ends in s, z, sz, then the second person singular informal (te) form ends with l.
So it is the stem + -ol / -el / -öl
For example:
keres (search) | olvas (read) | vesz (buy) | |
---|---|---|---|
én | keresek | olvasok | veszek |
te | keresel | olvasol | veszel |
ő | keres | olvas | vesz |
Verbs in the plural (We do, you do, they do)
Remember the singular verb forms you learned before? Here, you'll use plural forms. Good news: they get the same endings in the plural, even if they are -ik-verbs. As before, you need to remember vowel harmony.
- The verb csinál means ‘to make’ or ‘to do’. You can tell that it has a back vowel (á) and a front vowel (i). If you have both, the back vowel dominates, as in sétál. So its forms in the plural are:
csinál ‘to make/do’ | suffix (ending) | |
---|---|---|
(mi) | csinál-unk ‘we make’ | -unk |
(ti) | csinál-tok ‘you make’ | -tok |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | csinál-nak ‘they make’ | -nak |
- Now verbs with front vowels.
pihen ‘to rest’ | suffix (ending) | |
---|---|---|
(mi) | pihen-ünk ‘we rest’ | -ünk |
(ti) | pihen-tek ‘you rest’ | -tek |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | pihen-nek 'they rest’ | -nek |
- If the last syllable has ö / ő / ü / ű, the 2nd person plural (ti) ending is -tök.
ül ‘to sit’ | suffix (ending) | |
---|---|---|
(mi) | ül-ünk ‘we sit’ | -ünk |
(ti) | ül-tök ‘you sit’ | -tök |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | ül-nek 'they sit’ | -nek |
- The following table summarizes the suffixes based on vowel harmony:
back suffixes | front suffixes | |
---|---|---|
(én) | -ok | -ek/ -ök |
(te) | -sz | -sz |
(ő / Ön / Maga) | - | - |
(mi) | -unk | -ünk |
(ti) | -tok | -tek/-tök |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | -nak | -nek |
Verbs ending in -s / -sz /-z have a slightly different conjugation. In the second person singular instead of -sz you add -ol / -el / -öl. The plural forms are the same.
olvas | keres | főz | |
---|---|---|---|
(én) | olvasok | keresek | főzök |
(te) | olvasol | keresel | főzöl |
(ő / Ön / Maga) | olvas | keres | főz |
(mi) | olvasunk | keresünk | főzünk |
(ti) | olvastok | kerestek | főztök |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | olvasnak | keresnek | főznek |
Subjects
You don't have to say the subject in Hungarian. English: They are dancing.
Hungarian: Táncolnak.
Both mean the same, yet in the Hungarian example there is no word corresponding to the English they. Let's see the plural pronouns .
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | én | mi |
2nd | te | ti |
3rd | ő | ők |
Hungarian has more pronouns than you are used to. To address someone formally , like the French vous, the Spanish usted and German Sie. "Ön" and "Maga" are the formal forms of "te", but their verbs are in the 3rd person singular. Their plural forms work the same way.
"Önök" and "Maguk" are the formal forms of "ti", but the verbs after them are in the 3rd person plural.
These pronouns behave like a third person pronoun (like usted). When using ön, the verb looks like it has a third person singular subject:
(Önök) táncolnak.
(Ők) táncolnak.
(Ti) táncoltok.
Note that you in English can refer to either singular or plural, Hungarian makes a difference here. te refers to the second person singular, ti refers to the second person plural. When you see an English sentence like
Are you dancing?
You can translate this into Hungarian in the singular or the plural, formal or informal:
Táncolsz? (te)
Táncol? (Ön / Maga)
Táncoltok? (ti)
Táncolnak? (Önök / Maguk)
In real life this ambiguity doesn't arise because the context lets you know who you are talking about.
-IK verbs
The -ik-verbs' name comes from the third person singular form (ő / Ön / Maga), which ends in -ik .
- dolgoz-ik ‘s/he works’, ‘s/he is working’
- esz-ik ‘s/he eats’, ‘s/he is eating’
When you add suffixes, you have to drop the "-ik". The main other difference between these verbs and regular verbs is that the first person singular (én) can end in -m, not the normal -k:
- dolgoz-om ‘I work‘, ‘I am working’
- esz-em ‘I eat’, ‘I am eating’
In many grammars, you would only find these forms ending in -m, but many speakers alternate between using -m forms or the regular -k ending for first person. We teach you both, and Duo accepts both!
If the stem of a verb ends in -s / -sz / -z / -zs, for example in iszik, the second person singular form is -ol / -el / -öl, according to vowel harmony:
lakik | dolgozik | eszik | |
---|---|---|---|
(én) | lakok/lakom | dolgozok/játszom | eszek/eszem |
(te) | laksz | dolgozol | eszel |
(ő / Ön / Maga) | lakik | dolgozik | eszik |
(mi) | lakunk | dolgozunk | eszünk |
(ti) | laktok | dolgoztok | esztek |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | laknak | dolgoznak | esznek |
Note: -IK verbs verbs really often have a stem ending in -s / -sz / -z , it is harder to find examples where it does not. (lakik, fürdik are examples here)
jön és megy
Let's see two REALLY irregular verbs:
megy — ‘to go’
jön — ‘to come’
The endings are the same but the stems change!
megy | jön | |
---|---|---|
(én) | megyek | jövök |
(te) | mész | jössz |
(ő / Ön / Maga) | megy | jön |
(mi) | megyünk | jövünk |
(ti) | mentek | jöttök |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | mennek | jönnek |
Getting an extra vowel
Some verbs receive an extra vowel in the middle, in the te, ti and ők forms.
This happens if the stem ends with -ít (example: tanít),
or the stem ends with two consonants (example: tüsszent),
and some verbs ending in -ll also behave like this. (example: hall)
fest (paint) | tanít (teach) | készít (make) | tüsszent (sneeze) | hall (hear) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(én) | festek | tanítok | készítek | tüsszentek | hallok |
(te) | festesz | tanítasz | készítesz | tüsszentesz | hallasz |
(ő/Ön/Maga) | fest | tanít | készít | tüsszent | hall |
(mi) | festünk | tanítunk | készítünk | tüsszentünk | hallunk |
(ti) | festetek | tanítotok | készítetek | tüsszentetek | hallotok |
(ők / Önök / Maguk) | festenek | tanítanak | készítenek | tüsszentenek | hallanak |
Infinitive
The infinitive form of a verb always ends with -ni. For regular verbs, just take the singular third person form and attach a -ni.
English | Hungarian | |
---|---|---|
S/3 | he/she learns | tanul |
infinitive | to learn | tanulni |
S/3 | he/she runs | fut |
infinitive | to run | futni |
S/3 | he/she dances | táncol |
infinitive | to dance | táncolni |
Note: in a dictionary, you will not see the infinitive but the 3rd person singular form.
Combining with other verbs
The infinitive form is usually used when there is another verb in the sentence:
Szeretek táncolni. - I like to dance. /I like dancing.
Utálok táncolni. - I hate dancing.
Tudok táncolni. - I can dance.
Szeretnék táncolni. - I would like to dance.
Szoktam táncolni. - I usually dance. / I dance.
Szoktam expresses a habit... It is like "I used to dance", but in the present tense.
Irregular infinitive
There are some verbs where the infinitive form is a bit irregular.
English | Hungarian | |
---|---|---|
S/3 | he/she eats | eszik |
infinitive | to eat | enni |
S/3 | he/she drinks | iszik |
infinitive | to drink | inni |
S/3 | he/she goes | megy |
infinitive | to go | menni |
S/3 | he/she buys | vesz |
infinitive | to buy | venni |
There are some verbs where multiple versions can be used.
fürdik
én: fürdöm/fürdök
te: fürdesz/fürödsz
ő/Ön/Maga: fürdik
mi: fürdünk
ti: fürödtök/fürdötök
ők/Önök/Maguk: fürdenek/fürödnek
infinitive: fürödni/ fürdeni
alszik
én: alszom/ alszok
te: alszol (aludsz)
ő/Ön/Maga: alszik
mi: alszunk
ti: alszotok / aludtok/ alusztok
ők/Önök/Maguk: alszanak / aludnak/ alusznak
infinitive: aludni
fekszik
én: fekszem /fekszek
te: fekszel /feküdsz
ő/Ön/Maga: fekszik
mi: fekszünk
ti: fekszetek /feküdtök/ feküsztök
ők/Önök/Maguk: fekszenek / feküdnek /feküsznek
infinitive: feküdni
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